(Q.1). Who is the author of the essay ‘Of Studies’? What type of essay is ‘Of Studies’?
Ans. The author of the essay ‘Of Studies’ is Francis Bacon.
‘Of Studies’ is a formal aphoristic and didactic type of essay.
(Q 2) What are main benefits of studies?
Ans. The main benefits of studies are three-fold. They provide pleasure in leisure, serve as ornament in discussion and improve ability in practical life.
(Q.3) According to Bacon, what do studies serve for? What are the aspects that Bacon presents about the usefulness of studies?
Ans. According to Bacon, there are three purposes of studies. First, it gives us delight in privacy and leisure. Secondly, reading helps us to speak eloquently and communicate well with people. Thirdly, studies add to our ability in handling the everyday affairs with a practical sense.
(Q.4) How, according to Bacon, do studies serve for ornament?
Ans. According to Bacon, studies serve for ornament by improving one's ability to engage in effective and graceful conversation, making speech more polished and impressive in discussions.
(Q.5)What is the chief use of studies ‘for ornament’ according to Francis Bacon ?
Ans. According to Francis Bacon, the chief use of studies ‘for ornament’ is in discourse. This means, if a person is well studied and has a strong knowledge of vocabulary then he is able to converse or deliver a speech fluently, logically and in an attractive manner, by dint of which he can easily impress others.
(Q.6) What is the author’s view on too much use of studies for ornament? What does he consider as ‘affectation’ or pedantry?
Ans. In accordance with the author’s view, too much use of studies for ornament leads one to exaggerate a lot on a particular point and get deviated from the primary point. Also, it makes one’s discourse artificial or unnatural.
Q7. What are the disadvantages of Studies?
Ans. The disadvantages of studies are spending too much time in studies indicates sloth, needless display of knowledge shows affectation and pedantry, to decide everything based on bookish knowledge displays foolishness of a scholar.
(Q.8) What is meant by 'studies serve for ability'? Or, What does Bacon mean to suggest when he says, “studies serve for ability”?
Ans. Studies improve a person's knowledge and skill in handling practical issues, giving counsels, decision-making and judging situations in daily life.
9. What does Bacon mean by ‘Studies serve for delight’ in ‘Of Studies’?
Ans. According to Bacon, ‘Studies serve for delight’ in ‘Of Studies’ means studies give us pleasure when in solitude and after retirement. In private life, studies helps us to get entertained and gives us company.
(10). Why does Bacon say that studies can be best enjoyed in ‘privateness and retiring’?
Bacon says that studies can be best enjoyed in ‘privateness and retiring’ because when a man is alone and in a state of leisure, the knowledge he gets from the books affects him better and also the company of books makes his solitude enjoyable.
11). What is the difference between ‘expert men’ and ‘learned men’?
Ans. A person who can execute well and can give concrete shape to plans and programmes is called an ‘expert man’. But a ‘learned man’ can make plots and schemes and successfully put forward the ordering of subjects and events. For example, the mason may be an expert man and the engineer will be the learned one whose plans and directions are executed by the mason.
12). What do we expect from the learned men?
Ans. Learned men are full of resourcefulness, they have the power of invention, they give direction, make planning and arrange the proper sequence of work. Thus, learned men are expected to formulate general plans and policies, and manage the business in its overall aspect.
13). What is the attitude of simple men towards studies?
Ans. In his essay ‘Of Studies’, Bacon opines that men with simple intellect are overawed by studies. They are without any pretension and practically have no access to academic exercises. So, they feel charmed and interested in studies and admire it.
14). What is the danger of reading too much? What is Bacon’s view on spending too much time on one subject?
Ans. Bacon detects the pitfalls of studies and warns that reading too much or spending too much time on one subject leads to laziness. He also states that if one uses one’s knowledge too often in conversations with others then that person is parading and when one is guided solely by studies, one becomes a scholar rather than a practical man.
15). Why does Bacon consider it ‘sloth’ if one spends too much time in studies?
Ans. According to Bacon’s view, spending too much time on one subject leaving other work, leads to ‘sloth’. Only studying vigorously without application and direction is laziness. Thus, over reading is unnecessary in life because it creates a sort of idleness and does not allow the reader to think independently. If one uses rhetoric much in speaking, one’s statement becomes showy and artificial. A bookworm makes judgement in view of the ‘set of rules’ laid down in books which, in case of a scholar, becomes humorous.
To use too much of what one studies, in one’s conversation to decorate one’s speech is considered by the author as ‘affectation’ or pedantry, a vain display of learning.
16). What does Bacon say about the importance of order in study?
Ans. Bacon prefers an order in studies. People should study neither to simply gain knowledge, nor to use it in every sphere of life but one should weigh and consider what is to be practically applied in real life. Then only there can be an order in life and an aim to progress.
17). How does Bacon view the role of leisure in study?
Ans. Leisure is a time when a person remains relaxed and stress free and a perfect time to bring happiness to the soul. So, light books which give pleasure to a person and books which a person can read light-heartedly are the ones that should be read in leisure, the sole purpose of which should be to provide delight.
18). Who should make policies and execute them?
Ans. One who reads copiously can develop the power of judgement, can understand what is right and what is wrong and with this quality he can perform his duties properly. Thus, only learned men should make policies and execute them.
19). What makes the erudite frame policies?
Ans. Studies enable the learned men, who have studied extensively, to critically examine issues and arrive at the right conclusion. They can garner data, facts and argue or give opinions against a particular view rationally. Such intelligent analysis of facts improves the soundness and quality of their judgement. Hence, clarity of judgement acquired through learning helps the erudite class frame policies.
20). What does Bacon say about the purpose of reading in his essay ‘Of Studies’?
Ans. In his essay ‘Of Studies’, Bacon says that the purpose of reading is to keep an open mind. A reader should not argue with others just because he knows a lot. He should neither blindly believe everything written in the books, nor should he study to talk or debate only. He should judge the opinions of the authors impartially and find out what is right and what is wrong.
21), What is Bacon’s opinion on making judgement wholly by rules, in his essay ‘Of Studies’?
Ans. In his essay ‘Of Studies’, Francis Bacon has opined that to make judgement wholly by rules learnt from studies, is the humour of the scholar. According to him, judgements made without practical knowledge or experience and the tendency to believe everything one reads are foolishness.
22). What does Bacon say about the ‘humour of a scholar’?
Ans. Bacon warns us against over dependence on bookish knowledge in forming our judgements while talking about the ‘humour of a scholar’. Such scholars lack practical experience and hence form judgements that have little or no relation with the actual world. Life does not always depend on laws, theories, rules etc. One has to think practically and take decisions based on experience and logic.
23). When do the studies become the humour of a scholar?
Ans. Studies become the humour of a scholar when he starts judging things on the basis of rules given in the books and blindly believes everything that is written in the books.
24). How are studies and experience correlated?
Ans Studies and experiences of life are complementary to each other. Studies help a man to overcome the shortcomings that he has by nature, and first hand experience helps to add value to studies. These together bring about perfection in a man’s personality.
25) When do studies become meaningful in life?
Ans. Studies are meaningful in life only when that are influenced by experience because a person’s abilities inherited by birth are raw. Only when they are carefully worked upon and honed, the in-born abilities like thinking, feeling, imagination etc yield the best results.
26) What are natural abilities compared to? why?
Ans. A person’s natural abilities are compared to the plants. Bacon says that the natural abilities of a man are like the plants that need pruning or trimming. Natural abilities of a person need trimming by studies. He says that while study provides lots of directions, experience should also supplement natural abilities.
27). Why do natural abilities need pruning?
Ans. Natural abilities are certain in-born traits like natural plants of the garden that are trimmed by the gardener to look beautiful. Likewise, natural talents are moulded into proper shape by studies. A well-studied man is full of resourcefulness. He has the ability to invent new ideas. Study gives order to one’s natural knowledge enriched with experience. Hence, natural abilities need pruning.
28) Why does Bacon use the plant metaphor?
Ans. Francis Bacon compares the human mind to a growing plant. Just as plants need watering, pruning and proper care to develop and grow, in the same way, the human mind needs to be tutored, oriented and moulded by studies for their perfect development.
29) What does Bacon say about the importance of adapting one’s studies to one’s own abilities and interests?
Ans. A person should understand his ability and interest and choose books accordingly. He should know whether he is reading for delight, ornament or for ability. Those who read for ability are the ones with a regular habit of reading books, gathering bits and pieces of knowledge which improve his natural ability and make him successful in the practical affairs of life. Thus, they apply the studies for the improvement of life and existence.
30). How do vague and generalised bookish guidelines find meaning?
Ans. Vague and generalised bookish guidelines find meaning when they are put to specific use by experience. It would be wrong of a person to judge everything based on bookish knowledge.
31). What are the various attitudes of people towards studies? Explain the line- “Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.”
Ans. Studies are not appreciated by those who are cunning. Simple men admire books and learning. Those who are wise make proper use of their studies. However, books do not teach people how to use knowledge acquired from them. It actually comes from wisdom based on experience of life.
32). How does Bacon observe the attitude of shrewd men towards studies?
Ans. Bacon observes that a crafty or shrewd man denounces or condemns studies. The reason is that a cunning and sneaky person uses tricks and crooked ways to accomplish his job. Also, some of them are gifted with much common sense, by exploiting which they easily achieve the material success in life. So, study is a mere waste of time for them.
33). Who uses studies in practical life?
Ans. Wise men use studies in practical life as they know how to assimilate what they read, utilise the knowledge they acquire and enrich their minds.
34) How does Bacon view studies which are only pursued for practical ends?
Ans. Studies which are only pursued for practical ends lack executing and proper planning, and lifelong impressions. It cannot stay forever and make someone a truly learned person. Only application without learning will lead to inaccuracy.
35) What does Bacon say about the value of observation in study?
Ans. Bacon says that alongside the reading of books, one should also observe and gain experience. A true reader should be a keen observer of the matters of life. Wise men use studies wisely by observing and thus applying it in real life to solve problems.
(Q.36) What does Bacon mean by ‘to weigh and consider’?
Ans. While Bacon stresses on reading, he also says that one should not read books solely to contradict others. Everything written in a book should not be blindly followed in real life. One should think and consider about what one reads and how he applies it. He should consider what to read and apply and what not to.
37. How does Bacon classify the books?
Ans. Bacon classifies the books under few categories – some books may be given a brief reading, some others can be quickly examined through, other important books are to be read slowly and minutely so as to truly fathom their meaning. Some books also may be read by the assistance of someone. Some books can be read through summaries prepared by others.
38. What does Bacon convey by the expression ‘some books are to be tasted’?
Ans. Here, tasted means to just casually go through them. Thus, there are some books which have to be read only in parts as they are useful to a person only in certain places and not everything has to be read in detail from that book. These books are just worthy of a quick reading. It is so because when we read them, we do not seek any deep knowledge, for example, reading a comic book.
39. What does the phrase ‘others (some books) to be swallowed’ mean?
Ans. According to the essayist, the phrase ‘others (some books) to be swallowed’ means these books hold important knowledge that cannot be opposed, we just have to accept them the way they are, for example the laws of gravity in science. It also means that some books should be read hastily, just to memorise some facts, like the notes for the examination.
40. What does Bacon suggest by the expression ‘some few to be chewed and digested’?
Ans. In Francis Bacon's essay Of Studies, the phrase "some few to be chewed and digested" suggests that certain books require careful thought, deep understanding, and thorough analysis. These books are not meant to be skimmed but studied deeply to extract their full meaning and value. (Or)
Ans. Some books should not be read out of curiosity but must be read thoroughly (chewed) with complete focus and diligence as they require the full attention of the reader. These books contain philosophical ideas that should be read slowly and thoughtfully. One needs to understand and imbibe them by retaining the ideas in memory (digested). These books raise the readers’ level of thought and enrich their intellect. The readers are able to consume more than the content of these type of books. For example, Milton’s ‘Paradise Lost’, Shakespeare’s ‘The Tempest’ etc.
41. What does Bacon say about the importance of cultivating curiosity in study?
Ans. While Bacon does not explicitly mention ‘curiosity’ in ‘Of Studies’, his overall message champions a love for learning that goes beyond immediate practicality. This suggests that he values a curious mind that actively seeks knowledge and enjoys the process of discovery.
42. What does Bacon mean by saying that- ‘Some books also may be read by deputy’?
Ans. Bacon in his essay ‘Of Studies’ is of the opinion that there are some books that contain less important arguments. These are the meaner sort of books. They are to be read with the assistance of others. Only the extracts or summaries of these books made by others are worth reading.
43. Which are considered as the ‘distilled books’ by Francis Bacon and why?
Ans. The summarized versions of the original texts are considered to be the ‘distilled books’ by Francis Bacon. Just as distilled water is tasteless, in the same way, books too become dull and boring when summarized and they are also not healthy for one’s intellect. These edited or short versions of books lose their essence and are like flashy things that only draw attention but are of not much importance.
44. What does Bacon say about the importance of selecting good books to read?
Ans. According to Bacon, some books are simply to be tasted, that is, to just casually go through them or read in parts. But some books should be read thoroughly with full attention and diligence while some other books are to be read hastily to be retained in memory. Thus, it is important to select good books to read as every book does not help a person to mould his character or enrich his intellect.
45. What is Bacon’s suggestion to one’s approach to reading difficult books?
Ans. To read difficult books one should read thoroughly, with great care and attention. The lessons of such books have to be read again and again so that they become an integral part of the reader’s intellectual and moral fabric.
46. What is Francis Bacon’s opinion about reading, conference (conversation) and writing?
Ans. Reading makes a full man, that is, reading adds to a man’s knowledge and makes him complete in the sense of wisdom. Conference makes a man ready, that is, interaction with others contributes to presence of mind and imparts special practical skills to a person. Writing makes an exact man, that is, it is the skill of extensive or innovative writing that removes all the residual weaknesses and ignorance from a person. So, the three things-deep knowledge, ready wit and exactness jointly result in the perfection of one’s mind and personality.
47. What is the use of reading? How does ‘Reading maketh a full man’?
Ans. Reading makes a man mature in understanding. It fills his mind with new ideas and thoughts and enriches him with much information. A man who is not well read suffers from many loopholes in understanding. Reading, coupled with experience, helps him to be perfect by developing his entire personality.
48. What is the use of conversation? How does ‘conference’ make a ‘ready man’?
Ans. Here ‘conference’ means conversation or discussion. It makes a man alert and quick-witted. The suave person is never at a loss for words, he can give a quick and apt reply in any situation. Thus ‘conference’ makes him a ready man.
49. According to Bacon, how does reading affect one’s conversation?
Ans. Reading refines our speech and helps us to become good speakers as it teaches us not only decorative and polished language but also how and where to use it. But one should also remember that using too much ornament in speech might make the person seem too bookish and theoretical.
50. How does a man become systematic?
Ans. Though writing is a creative process, it is very scientific. It makes one firm and meticulous. When a man takes down notes of what he reads, he becomes systematic and precise in his talking and thinking. The rules of grammar and punctuation, if not studied or followed properly, may lead to destruction of the meaning completely. The same is also true in case of vocabulary. Therefore, writing contributes to making people ‘exact’ or precise in their actions.
51. What does Bacon mean by ‘writing makes an exact man’?
Ans. Bacon says that writing helps a person to remember complex matters because what a person writes, tends to be imprinted on his mind. Bacon also emphasizes that for writing to be precise and understood by all, the writer must have a good knowledge of the subject and must be able to think clearly about it. This is how writing makes an exact man.
52. How does Bacon regard the ability to write well?
Ans. According to Bacon, writing removes all the residual weaknesses and ignorance from the person and enables him to remember the contents of a book. Writing also helps to memorize facts. If a person writes less, he has to remember a lot of things and must have a good memory.
53. What does Bacon assert about those who lack the capability to read, converse and write?
Ans. According to Bacon, cunningness is essential for a man who reads little and this enables him to manage situations like a learned one. One may do well without writing much if one has an exceptionally great memory. Bacon also asserts that if a person is innately endowed with extraordinary presence of mind, he does not need much talking.
54. What is Bacon’s opinion on the memorization of facts?
Ans. Bacon says that the skill of extensive or innovative writing makes a person complete and it also improves his memorization skills. But if a person writes less, he should have a good memory because then he has to keep all the facts embedded in his memory.
55. How do the studies of different kinds of subjects help one? According to the essayist, what is the value of diverse interests in study?
Ans. According to the essayist, different kinds of subjects have different values. A person needs to study the relevant subject as per his requirement. If he wants wisdom, history can help him. If he wants imaginative powers, his concern should be poetry. Similarly, mathematics, philosophy and logic serve their specific purposes. In Bacon’s eyes, a person can improve himself as much as he can, he just needs to focus and understand the value of diverse interests in study.
56. How does Bacon view the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake?
Ans. Bacon says that it depends on a person how he would utilise his studies, upto what level he should study. He should pursue knowledge for its own sake just to get pleasure and be able to practically apply it. He should not overdo it.
57. How according to the author, can history, poetry, mathematics influence the nature of a man?
Ans. According to the author, studies influence a man’s character and personality. History enriches a person’s mind with knowledge of the past, thus making him wise. Poetry enhances the imaginative faculty of men, lending them ingenuity. Mathematics makes a mind sharp and subtle by providing an analytical skill.
58. What is the use of reading history books?
Ans. Bacon says that it is the history of the ancestors that makes the new generation wise. History can never be changed but can be read and studied well as generations have done, and some of them work hard to become wise by learning from past mistakes.
59. What does poetry develop in a character?
Ans. Poetry develops imagination in a person’s character and makes him thoughtful as well as witty. It also lends ingenuity.
60. How does mathematics help in the development of a person?
Ans. Mathematics adds to a person’s subtlety and exactness. It provides a person sound logical sense. When a person wants to improve his concentration, he should study mathematics. It also develops a person’s intelligence.
61. What does the study of logic and rhetoric foster in a person’s character?
Ans. The study of logic and rhetoric empowers a person with reasoning when one debates or argues. It helps one in ornamenting one’s language while speaking to his opponent.
62. How do natural and moral philosophy influence a reader?
Ans. Natural philosophy like physics, chemistry, metaphysics etc enables a man to go deeper into a subject. Moral philosophy fosters a serious attitude in a man, making him grave and solemn. It imparts valuable lessons on morality.
63. Explain the phrase- ‘abeunt studia in mores’.
Ans. ‘Abeunt studia in mores’ is a Latin expression taken from Ovid which means ‘studies pass into and influence manners’ ie, the reading of books has an influence on our mental and moral faculties. This is true in case of certain subjects as stated by Bacon. History increases wisdom, poetry enhances imagination, mathematics makes a person subtle, philosophy deepens thinking and logic and rhetoric helps to contend.
64. “Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies;”-What does the word ‘stond’ mean? Explain the line.
Ans. The word ‘stoned’ means obstacle or hindrance. The given expression means wit is a god-given gift. It is present in everybody. However, it can be sharpened by selective studying.
65. What is Bacon’s opinion about the influences of various exercises on human health?
Ans. In his essay ‘Of Studies’, Francis Bacon says that curing a disease of the body may need appropriate exercises. He exemplifies that bowling is good for the gall bladder stone and kidneys, shooting is good for the lungs and breast, gentle walking is good for the stomach and riding is good for the head.
66. How does bowling help a person?
Ans. Bacon suggests a remedy for people suffering from the diseases of kidney and stomach. For the formation of stone in the gall bladder and the kidney diseases, playing at bowls is a good prescription. Bacon recommends slow walking for patients affected with gas, acidity, indigestion and problems related to the stomach.
67. How does shooting contribute to one’s health?
Ans. Bacon mentioned in his essay that shooting is good for the diseases of lungs and breast. In shooting exercise, one must be aware of the breathing control technique, that is the natural respiratory pause and firing the shot during that pause. The natural respiratory pause is when one exhales and there is a momentary delay before the person begins to inhale. It means the person simply extends that pause slightly and fires before breathing in again. This pause is the moment when his/her chest and diaphragm are at their most relaxed and most stable state. Hence, shooting is good for diseases of the lungs.
68. Which physical problems are overcome by gentle walking?
Ans. Gentle walking stimulates the stomach and intestines. This can help food move through the digestive system more rapidly. It can also help reduce bloating, especially for those with irritable bowel syndrome.
69. According to Bacon, riding exercise is good for which disease, as mentioned in his essay ‘Of Studies’?
Ans. Riding is good for the head according to Bacon as mentioned in his essay ‘Of Studies’. Riding increases the production of proteins used for creating new brain cells by two or three times the normal limit. It also increases the activities that allow the different regions of the brain to communicate more effectively, bringing in more oxygen and nutrients to improve its performance.
70. How do studies help in improving mental health ?
Ans. According to the essayist, just as physical defects may be removed by special physical exercises, similarly, mental defects may be cured by studying certain subjects. If a person is unable to concentrate, he should study mathematics. In mathematics, less concentration leads to making mistakes, so practising math will help him restrain his mind from getting distracted. In the same way, if a person does not have the ability to discern, he should study the ‘Schoolmen’ as it trains mental ability. Similarly, if a person is unable to garner facts and finds it difficult to put across his views convincingly, then he should study the lawyers’ cases.
71. What does Bacon suggest to do ‘if a man’s wit be wandering’?
Ans. If a person is unable to concentrate, he should study mathematics to focus his wavering mind. In mathematics, a slight loss of concentration leads to errors. This compels him to start solving the problem all over again. Thus, studying mathematics prevents one’s mental faculty from going astray.
72. What should a man suffering from indecision do ?
Ans. ‘Schoolmen’ refer to the scholastic philosophers of the Medieval schools of philosophy. They were known for their fine distinctions on Christian doctrines, applying Aristotelian logic, which could hardly be understood by men of average intelligence. According to Bacon, a man suffering from the inability to distinguish between things should study the ‘Schoolmen’ as it trains mental ability and develops the art of expression.
73. What is meant by the phrase ‘cymini sectores’? Who are called the ‘cymini sectores’ by the essayist?
Ans. The Latin phrase ‘cymini sectores’ means ‘splitters (divides) of hairs’. It may refer to a person who is overtly critical or pedantic. Lawyers are called the ‘cymini sectores’ by the essayist because they examine a matter very carefully and quote precedents to prove a point.
74. What should one do to overcome the inability of proving something logically?
Ans. To overcome the inability of proving something logically, one should study the law books and the lawyers’ cases. Reading law cases helps one to recall references and illustrations to clarify and clinch one’s argument and have the desired conclusion.
75. Who should study lawyers’ cases as Bacon expresses in ‘Of Studies’?
Ans. A person who is not capable of judging all sides of a matter/problem before coming to a conclusion, and fails to cite proper precedents to bolster his case, should read law books. It will help him to find illustrations regarding how lawyers present their case before a judge
76. How does Bacon view the study of economics?
Ans. According to Bacon, every subject has its own value for a reader. Economics helps in drawing logic. Thinking logically thereby promotes the power of debate and argument.
77. What does Bacon mean by ‘special receipt’?
Ans. “Receipt’ here stands for remedy or solution. Just as different diseases/ailments of the body are cured through different exercises, in the same way the different types of defects of the mind may be cured by different types of studies.
78. What is Bacon’s opinion on the pursuit of knowledge as a means of understanding oneself?
Ans. Through the choice of books, the purpose of reading, to know one’s mental deficiency, to categorise oneself as an expert or learned man, a bookish scholar or a practical one, a writer, historian, mathematician or a crafty man, simple man or scholarly person-the pursuit of knowledge in its correct way, according to Bacon, helps one to understand oneself
79. According to the author, how does study contribute to self-improvement or personal growth and personal happiness?
Ans. Bacon’s view on studies for ability provides one with opportunities like reading, writing and conferencing, ultimately leading towards self-improvement or personal growth. On the other hand, studies for delight in privateness and leisure contribute to personal happiness
80. What does the essayist suggest about the importance of applying what one learns through study?
Ans. It is important to know how and when to apply what one learns through study. He can use his study for improving his ability in judgement and disposition of business. He can execute, plan and use his study through observation and practical experience. He should know where to contradict, where to weigh and consider. He should apply his knowledge in practical life, without keeping it only at a theoretical level.
81. According to Bacon, how does study contribute to cultural understanding and enrichment?
Ans. By studying different subjects and books in different fields one can become enriched. Studying different books on different subjects helps a person to improve manners and in being wise, subtle, and deep. Studies also reform our character and make us more civilized. Knowledge and learning become an adornment that enriches not only the personal experience but also the broader cultural landscape.
82. What does Bacon suggest about the importance of critical thinking in study? Ans. Bacon believes that knowledge is power and that studying is a way to increase one’s intellectual capacity. He emphasizes on the practical benefits of studies as increasing one’s ability to reason and think critically. A person should always use his knowledge by mixing it with practical application.
83. What is Bacon’s opinion on the pursuit of knowledge as a means of fostering creativity?
Ans. Creativity can be nurtured with the help of knowledge. Knowledge in various disciplines, be it literature, history, philosophy, logic and rhetoric, even mathematics play a part in fostering creativity in their own ways.
(84). According to Bacon, how does study contribute to social and moral development?
Ans. Studies influence manners. Thus, studying different subjects helps us to become wise, witty, subtle, deep, grave, logical and understanding. Thus, studies develop our moral abilities. Studies also teach us how to talk and discourse, how to carry out our actions, how to use ornament while delivering speech and how to develop our abilities mixed with practical application, thus enhancing our social progress.
(85) What does Bacon suggest about the importance of open-mindedness in study?
Ans. Bacon says that knowing only one’s own subject is not enough. People should have a knowledge of other subjects also by studying as each subject is a teacher in itself. For example, mathematics teaches subtlety, history teaches wisdom, poetry teaches wit and imagination etc. So, people should have an open-minded approach towards knowing every subject. One’s open-mindedness helps him to become a man of responsibility. This mentally prepares him to lead others and be ready to face the future events courageously.
(86) What does Bacon say about the importance of perseverance in study?
Ans. To illustrate that people should show perseverance in studies, Bacon uses a metaphor of natural plants. Just as a natural plant takes time to grow and needs pruning, trimming and care, in the same way a human mind needs pruning and watering constantly in the form of reading and learning to progress in life. For that purpose, perseverance is very important.
(87). According to Bacon, what is the importance of adaptability in study?
Ans. One should adapt to different modes of studies, as selected studies should be done using practical application. The good from each section should be adapted for overall enrichment.
(88). What is Bacon’s opinion on the pursuit of knowledge as a means of promoting peace?
Ans. One of the many virtues that is kindled by knowledge is peace. True knowledge can no way justify war, conflicts, violence and bloodshed. Tolerance and harmony is the motto of a truly knowledgeable person.
(Q.89). Which literary devices are used in ‘Of Studies’? Give an example of each.
Ans. In ‘Of Studies’, Bacon has used two literary devices- simile and litotes. A simile is a stated comparison (usually formed with ‘like’ or ‘as’) between two fundamentally dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common, for example “…natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning, by study”. A litotes is an understatement in which a positive statement is expressed by negating its opposite, for example, “To spend too much time in studies is sloth”.
(Q.90). What should be the ideal aim of studies?
Ans. The aim of studies should be to analyze and evaluate ideas critically, rather than blindly accepting or contradicting them, or engaging in pointless arguments. One should read thoughtfully to assess the value of the content.(or)
Ans. The aim of reading and acquiring knowledge must not be to contradict and confute others’ views or accept the writer’s views as gospel truth, without weighing the validity of the ideas expressed by the writer. It should also not be to engage in pointless discussion and argumentation. The true objective of study is to weigh facts and analyze them rationally. Hence, one should read a book so that one can think carefully about what it says and then judge its value.
(Q.91). What does Bacon suggest about the importance of passion in study?
Ans. According to Bacon, one should show passion in studies or in reading various subjects, only then studies can act as means of providing delight in solitude, help in ornament while in discourse and help in decision-making. Just as natural plants need pruning for their growth, in the same way love and passion should be shown for reading the subject materials and cultivating the ideas polishing the natural abilities. Otherwise, if not done passionately minds would wander, wits would disappear and judgements would not be flawless.
(Q.92) What is the main theme of the essay ‘Of Studies’?
Ans. The main theme of the essay ‘Of Studies’ is to know the aims of study, the effects of reading books on our character, the types of books to be read and in which manner different types of books are to be read.
LAQ for 6 Marks
(Q.1) Comment on the style of the essay ‘Of Studies’.
Ans. Style is the man and it is Bacon’s style that distinguishes him from others. His essay, ‘Of Studies’ is a brilliant example of condensed style. Bacon remains unrivaled till date because of his style. The novelty of his style lies in the economy of words. This essay is particularly marked by brevity and terseness. Some of his sentences are proverbs today. The following examples from this essay illustrate Bacon’s pithy and pointed style:
i. “Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.”
ii. “cymini sectores” (hair-splitters)
Bacon’s prose style has lent him an immortal place in the history of English literature and he is rightly regarded as the ‘Father of English Prose’.
(Q.2) What is the use of studies, as propagated by Bacon in his ‘Of Studies’?
Or, What is the purpose of studies according to Bacon’s essay 'Of Studies'?
Or, How does Bacon explain the chief benefits of studies in his essay ‘Of Studies’?
Ans. In the opening line of the essay ‘Of Studies’, Francis Bacon classifies the benefits of studies under three distinctly different and well-defined heads. According to him, the uses of studies are three-fold: they serve for delight, ornament and ability. Studies give joy in private life and leisure. People derive pleasure out of studying interesting books and journals. The entertaining value of books attracts the readers to be absorbed in studies. The second use of studies is concerned with their ornamental value. Some readers study to make a show of their learned self. They use studies to beautify both their character and discourse in the eyes of others. But the most significant of the uses is the functional value of studies. Studies improve skill and sharpen natural abilities. They enable us to gain a deeper understanding of our problems and solve those efficiently. It helps us in giving counsels, in judgement, in decision-making and in conducting all sorts of business. Moderated by experience, studies perfect human nature. Apart from these uses, studies also serve as a remedy for mental defects.
(Q.3) Who is an expert? What can an expert do? How can we distinguish between an expert and a learned person?
Ans. An expert is a person with special knowledge, skill or training in a particular field.
> An expert can execute a specific task and judge particulars one by one. An expert is able to employ specific knowledge and skill in performing a job.
> A learned person differs from an expert in terms of general knowledge and abilities. The learned acquire a lot of knowledge by study. Although an expert can perform a specific task skillfully, the learned are good at counseling in general, designing a plan of action, monitoring, decision-making, and problem-solving.
(Q.4) “They perfect nature and are perfected by experience.”- Who is referred to by ‘they’? How do they perfect nature? What is the role of experience?
Ans. In Bacon's easy, ' Of Studies' the pronoun ‘they’ refers to studies.
> Studies not only give delight but also improve ability. Every person is born with an innate potential which is nourished and nurtured by studies and experience. Studies enrich us by providing knowledge and skill. They perfect human nature by developing and sharpening our natural abilities.
> Experience is the continuous process of gaining knowledge and skill through seeing and doing things rather than through studying. While studies improve our bookish knowledge and understanding, experience plays a significant role in moderating and shaping that knowledge. Experience adds pragmatic value to studies and transforms acquired knowledge to practical ability
(Q.5) Why did bacon say ‘some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested?
Answer. In this phrase bacon has explained the differences of books based on their individual value and content. He suggested about how to read books in different way to enjoy them and take maximum benefits. Like we should read books for little time which are not much deep in content. Those books which have great significance should be swallowed by reading thoroughly. The most profound books should be chewed and digested as they carry us to a different world slowly with its thoughtfulness and comprehend meaning. According to bacon, such books can easily affect a reader’s mind and encourage his thought process to a new dimension. With the phrase bacon clearly differentiate books from one another so that readers choose their books wisely. A book should be read as per its value and effectiveness to enrich one’s life. With a quick read of a book we just get an overall idea and concept of the book. But if we go to deep in meaning and capture the thoughts then we will understand the purpose of the book and accept its value in our life. Further, the ideas of a book become a part of the reader’s mind and thinking. In this way, a reader can enhance his level of thinking and way of understanding the world by possessing the good qualities within books.
(Q.6) How did bacon explain the importance of reading in ‘of studies’?
Answer. Bacon has shown profound benefits and effectiveness of studying in his essay ‘of studies’. He says that too much study for ornaments is like affectation. This means that on must not study just for reading but he should go to the depth of understanding. When one reads a book, he should analyse and understand the content how it affects his thinking. A reader should see studying books from broader approach not just only refreshment. Reading books will make them knowledgeable to understand the depth of different topics. They will be capable enough to take part in debates and prove their own view points for the welfare of society. To understand others psychology and behaviour one also need to study books. To know geography of a particular place, culture and history of a region one has to read specific books. So, bacon has put stress on the fact of mindful reading and grab the knowledge as much as they can.
(Q.7)What are the warnings that Bacon gives us in the essay ‘Of Studies’?
Ans. Francis Bacon, in his essay ‘Of Studies’, warns the readers against various aspects of studies. He thinks that spending too much time on studies is ‘sloth’-a mark of idleness and self-indulgence. Every reader should maintain a balance between reading and doing other jobs. Then he passes onto the decorative value of studies and advises us not to beautify our discourse, either spoken or written, with ornaments of references. Excessive use of bookish knowledge to impress others makes our language artificial and less convincing. He calls this habit ‘affectation’. Similarly, judging everything by applying bookish knowledge and rules may sound scholarly but in reality, it is a comic display of scholarship. In fact, Bacon puts a limit on the amount of time that studies should be given and the functions they serve. Additionally, he advises against accepting things blindly from what is printed and reading just to refute the opinions that are stated there. Analysing and evaluating any text’s worth is the proper goal of reading.
(Q.8) How does Bacon categorise people on the basis of their attitude to studies?
Ans. In the essay ‘Of Studies’ Francis Bacon categorises people on the basis of his practical knowledge and observation. Bacon classifies the whole population into three types on the basis of their attitude to studies. He argues that wicked people (‘crafty men’) oppose studies. They criticize and condemn studies to conceal their deceitful nature and devious designs. Apparently they condemn studies on moral grounds. But they actually have a clever intention. On the other hand, ordinary people (‘simple men’) show admiration for studies and the learned people simply because of their weakness for studies and shortcomings in learning. Only the wise know how to make use of knowledge and skill gained through studies. They use studies in practical life. Studies improve their ability to observe and judge everything in the light of their knowledge and experience. Their deeper understanding helps them in counseling, decision-making, and problem- solving. They do not indulge in teaching how to use studies, nor do they make a show of their wisdom.
(Q.9) What does Bacon say about the healing effect of studies?
Ans. Bacon, in his essay ‘Of Studies’, makes observations on the healing effects of the different fields of studies. He draws an analogy between the effect of exercise in curing diseases of the body and the study of appropriate subjects for curing mental weakness. According to Bacon, the study of mathematics is effective in stabilizing wandering wit. It develops concentration and thereby prevents distraction of mind. The ‘Schoolmen’ are scholars skilled in academic disputation. If a person fails to distinguish between two things, the study of the ‘Schoolmen’ may be effective. For a person who wants to justify a point or an issue by illustrating and referencing, he/she should study the lawyers’ cases for ready reference. Thus, Bacon justifies his claim that every psychological condition may have a special remedy in the form of study. Different subjects play a significant role in healing different mental defects.
(Q.10) What are the basic language skills that Bacon deals with for comparison and contrast?
Ans. Except for listening, Bacon deals with three basic language skills in his essay: reading, speaking and writing. A larger part of the essay is devoted to revealing the importance of reading in life. While he makes a comparative study on the importance of the three, he argues that reading makes a man complete. A person achieves this virtue of completeness by reading books judiciously . Reading is essential for sharpening natural abilities and skills. It makes one fit for the world. Conference, on the other hand, makes a person fully prepared for all seasons. It is helpful in developing competency for speaking. Writing is considered to be the most important skill for learners. Bacon rightly says that ‘writing’ makes an ‘exact’ man. Writing involves assimilation of ideas, choice of appropriate words, accuracy in spelling and grammar and artistic presentation. A lot of practice is required to achieve the dignity of a writer. Writing, in contrast to the two other skills, makes a person proficient, precise and perfect.
(Q.11) What are the impacts of different subjects on human life?
Ans. Francis Bacon holds the view that every subject has its distinctive impact on the human mind. He categorically mentions the impacts:
i. Histories: History, as we know, is the study of past events of a particular country, period or subject. According to Bacon, histories make people wise.
ii. Poetry: It is a form of literature. Bacon thinks that poetry makes people witty.
iii . Mathematics: Mathematics is the study of numbers, shapes and space using reason. Usually, a special system of symbols and rules are used for organizing them. Bacon holds the view that mathematics makes a person subtle. Mathematics is helpful in stabilizing a wandering wit.
iv. Natural philosophy: This subject is concerned with the use of reason in understanding the nature of reality and existence. Bacon conceives that natural philosophy promotes a deeper understanding of the world and our existence.
v. Moral: Moral is the study of ethics and value-system. Morals make a person serious in all affairs by developing ethical sense and infusing values.
vi. Logic and rhetoric: Logic is a way of thinking rationally and rhetoric is the art of using language effectively. Logic and rhetoric improve the ability to argue convincingly.
(Q.12) What is analogy? How does Bacon use analogy in his essay ‘Of Studies’?
Ans. Analogy is a comparison between things which have similar features. It is often used to explain an unfamiliar idea or concept in terms of a similar and familiar one.
> In his essay ‘Of Studies’, Bacon uses analogy to convey his ideas on the importance of studies. First, Bacon draws an analogy between natural abilities and natural plants. Natural plants grow in nature. They need to be shaped by pruning. Similarly, knowledge gained through studies needs trimming by experience. Secondly, he finds similarities between eating food and reading books. He uses tasting, swallowing, chewing and digesting as metaphors for reading different types of books. He says, “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.” Thirdly, Bacon describes a type of book in terms of distilled water and calls those ‘distilled books’. Finally Bacon, in the concluding part of the essay, draws an analogy between physical exercises and studies. While appropriate physical exercise cures a particular disease of the body, choice of appropriate subject may cure a specific mental defect. In this way, Bacon uses analogy as a vehicle of his ideas.
(Q.13). What is illustration? How does Bacon use illustration in the concluding part of his essay?
Ans. Illustration is the art of giving examples to explain or prove something. In essays, illustration helps an author to explain an idea in concrete terms.
> In the concluding part of his essay, Bacon uses illustration to justify his argument that defects of the mind can be cured by appropriate studies in the same way as diseases of the body can be cured by physical exercises. The analogy he draws between physical exercises and studies has been explained with examples. According to him, bowling is good for the kidney, shooting for the lungs and breast, gentle walking for the stomach, and riding for the head. Similarly, mathematics may serve as a remedy for wandering wit, the ‘Schoolmen’ for teaching how to distinguish between two things, and lawyers’ cases for ready reference and illustration to prove something. Thus, Bacon uses illustration to justify his analogy.
14). Establish Bacon as a Renaissance thinker from your observation of ‘Of Studies’.
Ans. Bacon‘s ‘Of Studies’ reveals his Renaissance thinking in several ways. He chooses the topic following the craving for knowledge awakened by the Renaissance. At the beginning of the essay, he clarifies the purpose of study. He says, “Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability”. He also explains how those purposes are served. He pleads for a balance between intellectual pursuits and practical application. His art of categorising books reflects his Renaissance spirit that classifies knowledge into various categories. Guided by Renaissance humanism, he focuses on the importance of studies in developing human potential. But he gives importance to both reason and experience. He encourages critical thinking and intellectual curiosity. As a Renaissance thinker, he knows the boundaries and limitations of studies. So he takes into account the effectiveness of conference and writing and determines the place of reading with respect to those skills. He presents a clear idea about how different types of people look upon studies. He says, “Crafty men condemn studies; simple men admire them; and wise men use them.” He urges his readers to read to “weigh and consider”. Being a Renaissance thinker Bacon advocates interdisciplinary studies and a holistic understanding. He shows that different subjects have different impacts on the reader. In all, Bacon’s ‘Of Studies’ embodies Renaissance values and establishes Bacon as a powerful Renaissance thinker.
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