* Narration *
Direct and Indirect Speech
Narration:- 'Narration' literally means statement. Everything you and I say is called a statement. We often use two ways to express a sentence in conversation.
Narration
کے لفظی معنی بیان کے ہیں۔ ہم اور آپ جو کچھ بھی کہتے ہیں انہیں بیان کہتے ہیں۔ ہملوگ اکثر گفتگو کرتے وقت دو طریقے سے جملے کو بیان کرتے ہیں۔
Direct Narration:- Presenting what someone has said in his own language is called direct narration.
Direct: He says," I am well".
واسطہ بیان :- کسی کی کہی ہوئی بات کو اسی کی زبان میں پیش کرنے کو واسطہ بیان کہتے ہیں۔
Indirect Narration :- Presenting what someone has said in one's own language is called indirect narration.
Indirect: He says that he is well.
بالواسطہ بیان:- کسی کی کہی ہوئی بات کو اپنی زبان میں پیش کرنےکو بالواسطہ بیان کہتے ہیں
Direct Narration
میں جملے دو حصوں میں منقسم ہوتے ہیں
Reporting verb
سے پہلے والا جملہ ہوتا ہے۔ commaیہ
He says,
Inverted comma یہ Reported Speech
کے اندروالا جملا ہوتا ہے
" I am well".
انگریزی میں جملے پانچ قسم کے ہوتے ہیں۔
Kinds of Sentences :
(1)Assertive (2) Interrogative (3) Imperative
(4) Exclamatory (5) Optative
ان پانچوں جملوں کو واسطہ بیان سے بالواسطہ بیان کرنے کے مختلف طریقے ہیں ۔ لیکن چند طریقے ایسے ہیں جو سبھی جملوں میں کام آتے ہیں
*Change of Person:-*
(1) First person in Reported Speech is changed according to the Subject of the Reporting Verb.
(i) He said," I have nothing to say".
Indirect: =>He said that he had nothing to say.
(ii) They said, " We should love our country".
Indirect: =>They said that they should love their country.
(2) 2nd Person in Reported Speech is changed according to the Object of the Reporting Verb.
(i) She said to me, "You are really very punctual".
Indirect: => She told me that I was really very punctual.
1 2 3
S o n
( I -> He , You -> He/I , We -> They)
(A)* Reporting verb -> Present/ Future
(1) 'says to' turns into 'tells'
(2) Linker -> that
(3) Change of person, Number and Case
(B) * Reporting Verb -> Past Tens
(1) said to -> told
(2) Linker -> that
(3) Change of person
(4) Change of tense
(5) Change of Time and Place
Change of Tense:-
Present indefinite -> Past Indefinite
Present continuous -> Past Continuous
Present Perfect -> Past Perfect
Present perfect continuous -> Past Perfect Continuous
Past Indefinite -> Past Perfect
It -> that
This -> that
These -> those
Thus -> so
Here -> there
Just -> then
Hence -> thence
Today -> that day
Tomorrow -> yesterday/ next day
Yesterday -> previous day
Tonight -> that night
Last month -> the month before
Next week -> the following week
( In short)
Direct -> Indirect
Present :-
V¹ -> v²
Do/does -> did
is/am/are - > was/ were
Has/ have -> had
Past :-
V² -> had
Had + V³ -> Had + V³
was/were. -> had + been
Future :-
shall/ will. -> would
Can. -> could
May. -> might
Examples:
Direct Speech
Simple Present
1. He said, "I write a letter."
2. She said, "I like ice-cream."
3. He said, "I never eat meat."
4. He said, "She goes to school daily."
5. He said, "I do not use a computer."
6. She said, "I live in Kolkata."
7. "You have an interesting face," I remarked.
8. "You are a very gallant young man", she said to me.
Present Continuous
9. He said, "I am waiting for Mrinal."
10. The girl said, "I 'm getting off at Saharanpur."
11. "I am listening to the music," she said.
12. He said, "I am reading a story book."
13. She said, "I am going to school."
14. He said, "My father is writing a letter."
Present Perfect
15. She said, "I have finished the work."
16. He said, "Bimal has started a job."
17. I said, "I have washed my clothes."
18. She said, "I have made a mistake."
19. They said, "We have not gone to Kolkata."
20. She said, "I have eaten my meal."
Present Perfect Continuous
21. She said, "I've been waiting for ages."
22. He said, "It has been raining for five days."
23. I said, "I've been working since 2002."
24. They said, "We have living here since 1990."
Indirect Speech
Simple Past
He said that he wrote a letter.
She said that she liked ice-cream.
He said that he never ate meat.
He said that she went to school daily.
She said that he did not use a computer.
She said that she lived in Kolkata.
I remarked that she had an interesting face.
■She told me that I was a very gallant young man.
Past Continuous
He said that he was waiting for Mrinal.
The girl said that she was getting off at Saharanpur.
She said that she was listening to the music.
He said that he was reading a story book.
She said that she was going to school.
He said that his father was writing a letter.
Past Perfect
She said that she had finished the work.
He said that Bimal had started a job.
I said that I had washed my clothes.
She said that she had made a mistake.
They said that they had not gone to Kolkata.
She said that she had eaten her meal.
Past Perfect Continuous
She said that she had been waiting for ages.
He said that it had been raining for five days.
I said that I had been working since 2002.
They said that they had been living there since 1990.
(C) Special rule for Universal Truth:(آفاقی سچائی)
وہ حقیقت جس سے انکار نہیں کر سکتا ہے اسے (Universal Truthآفاقی سچائی)
کہتے ہیں مثلاً ۔ خدا ایک ہے۔ زمین گول ہے۔ وغیرہ اسے جملے کےکوما اورالٹا کوما کو ہٹانے کیلئے دیٹ کا استعمال کرتے ہیں۔ بقیہ جملے جوں کا توں برقرار رہتا ہے۔
(1) Direct: The teacher said, " God is One".
Indirect: The teacher said that God is One.
(2) Direct: We said, " The earth moves around the Sun".
Indirect: We said that the earth moves around the Sun.
(3) Direct: He said," Two and two make four".
Indirect: He said that two and two make four.
(D) Interrogative sentences:
Yes-no Question:-
(1) said to -> asked/ wanted to know/ enquired of
(2) Linker -> if/ whether ( wh- word for Wh- Question)
(3) Change of person
(4) Change of Tense
(5) Change of time & place
Examples: -
Yes/No type questions:
1. He said to me, 'Do you like music?'
2. She said to me, "Have you taken your meal?"
3. Mother said to me "Are you feeling well?"
4. The boy said to Rina, "Do you like to read novels?"
5. Our headmaster said to me, "Will you participate in the essay competition?"
6. She said to me, "Can you hear a noise?"
7. My father said to me, "Have you answered all the questions?"
8. He said to me, "Do you want any kind of help?"
9. She said to me, "Do you work in a bank?"
10. He said to me, "Will you come to the park tomorrow?"
11. I said to him, "Did you come to school yesterday?"
12. Ratan said to Rina, "Will you try to come tomorrow?"
13. He said to me, "Do you know how to climb a tree?"
14. He said to me, "Are you a hawker?"
15. "Do you want to go by bus or train?" he asked.
Wh-questions:
16. He said to me, "What is your name?"
17. The teacher said to the boy, "Where do you come from?"
18. My mother said to me, "What have you been studying?"
19. She said to him, "Where do you live?"
20. He said to me, "Why are you talking so fast?"
(1) Direct: He said to me, " Do you like music?"
Indirect: He asked me if I liked music.
(2) Direct: I said to him," Did you come to school yesterday?"
Indirect: I asked him if he had come to school the previous day.
(3) Lata said to Rina, " will you try to come tomorrow?"
Indirect: Lata asked Rina if she would try to go the next day.
(4) He said to me," Are you a hawker?"
Indirect: He asked me if I was a hawker.
(5) Mother said to me," Are you feeling well?"
Indirect: Mother asked me if I was feeling well.
(6) She said to me," Have you taken your meal?"
Indirect: She asked me if I had taken my meal.
(7) She said to me," Can you hear a music?"
Indirect: She asked me if I could hear a music.
Wh- Question
(1) Direct: He said to me," What is your name?"
Indirect: He asked me what my name was.
(2) He said to the boy," Where do you come from?"
Indirect: He asked the boy where he came from.
(3) She said to me," Where do you live?"
Indirect: She asked me where I lived.
(4) She said to me," How are you?"
Indirect: She asked me how I was.
(5) She said to me," How did you enjoy the music show?"
Indirect: She asked me how I had enjoyed the music show.
(6) He said to me," How will you solve the problem?"
Indirect: He asked me how I would solve the problem.
(E) Imperative sentences:
(1) said to -> Ordered/ requested/ advised/ forbade
(2) Linker -> to
(3) change of person
(4) change of Tense
(5) change of time & place
Examples:-
(i) The teacher said to me, "Write down your address".
Indirect: The teacher ordered me to write down my address.
(ii) He said to the troop," Leave the room at once".
Indirect: He ordered the troop to leave the room then and there.
(3) She said to me," Please help me".
Indirect: She requested me to help her.
(F)* Let us : Proposal *
(1) said to -> proposed/ suggested
(2) Linker -> that
(3) Let us -> they should
Examples:
(G) * Let : order*
(1) said to -> ordered
(2) Linker -> that
(3) Let -> subject + Should
Examples:
1. Dir:- The teacher said, " Let no one come late".
Ind: The teacher ordered that no one should come late.
Exclamatory Sentences :-
1) Said/ said to => exclaimed with joy/ sorrow/ contempt
2) Linker => that
3) Change of tense
4) Change of person
5) Change of time and place
Examples
(1) The players said."Hurrah!We have won the match."
Ind.=> The players exclaimed with joy or exclaimed joyfully that they had won the match.
(2) Master said to the slave,"Pooh!You have spoiled the decoration of my house ."
Ind.=> Master exclaimed with contempt to the slave that he had spoiled the decoration of his house.
(3) He said,"Hurrah!I have won the tournament."
Ind.=> He exclaimed with joy that he had won the tournament.
(5) Optative Sentences:-
(1) said/ said to => wished/ prayed/ cursed
(2) Linker => that
(3) Change of tense
(4) Change of person
(5) Change of time and place
Examples:
(1) He said, " May God beget you a son".
Ind. => He prayed that God might beget me/ you/ him a son.
(2)
Ind. =>
(3)
Ind. =>
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