ADJECTIVE AND ITS KINDS ,USES OF ADJECTIVE

                -:  ADJECTIVE AND ITS KINDS :-

Adjective:- Adjective is a describing word that tells something about or qualifies a noun or pronoun. Or, Adjective is a word which adds something to the meaning of anoun or a pronoun.

Example :- 

 1. I don't like the girl.

 2. Saklen is a good boy.

 3. zeenat is poor but honest.

 4. A big house stood in the garden.

 In the above four sentenses, the underlined words are Adjective. Because they qualify a noun or a pronoun.

  There are nine kinds of Adjective. 

                   USES OF ADJECTIVE

Adjective can be used in two ways:

a. Attributive ( premodifier)

b. Predicative  ( post modifier )

a. Attributive  :- When an adjective is used before the noun, it is called Attributive.

Example:- She is a beautiful girl. Three boys are coming.

b. Predicative :- When an adjective is used after the noun, it is called Predicative.

Example :- The man is honest. India is great. Her eyes are blue.

        -: KINDS OF ADJECTIVE :-

i. Adjective of Quality

ii. Adjective of Quantity / Quantitative Adjective

iii. Adjective of Number / Numeral Adjective

iv. Demonstrative Adjective

v. Possessive Adjective

vi. Interrogative Adjective

vii. Distributive Adjective

viii. Proper Adjective

i. Adjective of Quality :- Ajective of Quality is called Descriptive Adjective. The Adjective that deals with the quality of a noun or a pronoun is called Adjective of Quality. or, Adjectives that descrive or modify nouns or pronouns. These adjectives answer the question: " of what kind?". They describe the shape, size or colour etc. of a person or thing.

Read the following pairs of sentences: 

1. Maya is a tall girl. Sama is a short girl.

2. Give me some hot tea. This tea is cold.

3. The king was cruel. The queen was kind.

4. This path is dangerous. Lets go by a safe path.

5. Saklen is an honest boy. Rahul is a dishonest boy.

    You will see in the above tha each pair of sentences has two italicised words which are adjectives of quality. You will also see that in each pair of sentences, the two italicised adjectives are Opposites of each other. In the first sentence, tall is opposite of short. In the second sentence, hot is opposite of cold.

    ii. Adjective of Quantity :- Adjective of Quantity is the adjective which shows the quantity of noun or pronoun is called an adjective of quality. It expresses ' how much' noun in the sentence. 

        It does not expresses the exact number of noun in the sentence. It is generally used when we do not require the exact number of noun.

Read the following sentences :

a. I have little money. 

b. Give me some water.

c. You have few friends.

d. There is less milk in the glass than in the jug.

e. He ate much rice.

f. We have enough time for practice.

g. He spent all her moneys. etc.

    In the above sentences, the italicised words are the adjectives of quantity.

    iii. Adjective of Number :- The adjective which shows the exact number of noun with its position or place. This is also called the Numeral Adjective. It is often used with the countable nouns. or, 

       Adjective which expresses the number of persons or things is called the adjective of number or numeral adjective.

Examples:- 

* Seven days make a week.

* He is the first boy in the class.

*  Saturday is the last day of the week.

*  Some boys are upset.

* One hour has sixty minutes.

* Fifty students are presents today.

* We have ten fingers on our hands.

   In the above sentences, the italicised words are the adjectives of number or numeral adjectives.

    iv. Interrogative Adjective :- The adjectives which ask questions. or

         Interrogative adjective is an adjective that modifies a noun or a pronoun by asking a question. It is also called an interrogative determiner.

    Read the following sentences:

    * Whose baby are you?

    * What manner of woman is she?

    * which is your book?

   In the above sentences, the italicised words are the Interrogative adjectives.

    v. Demonstrative Adjective :- Demonstrative adjective is an adjective that points out or indicates a noun or a pronoun in a sentence is called a demonstrative adjective. It is always sued before a noun. They are- that, this, these, those.

Examples.

a. This book is mine.

b. He does not like these sweets.

c. Look at that tree.

d. Those horses are faster than these.

    vi. Possessive Adjective :- Possessive adjectives are the adjectives that show the possession of persons or things. A possessive adjective always appears before a noun or a gerund to show a form of possession, a sense of belonging or ownership to a specific person, thing or animal.

They are- my, your, our, his. her. their, its.

Examples.

a. This is my book.

b. That is your pen.

c. I din't like his playing.

d. Saklen's coming was not so proper.

e. Everyone welcomed your coming.

f. Our school is repured.

g. Their glory can never fad.

h. Her friend is very amiable.

    vii. Distributive Adjective :- Distributive adjectives are the adjectives that refer to the members of a group as individual. or.

    An adjective which is used to refer to each or every person or thing individually , it is called Distributive Adjective.

 They are - each, every, either, neither, etc.

Examples:- 

a. Each student has to attend the prayer.

b. Every man is fine.

c. You can park on either side of the road.

d. Neither girl is to blame.

   

 viii. Proper Adjective :- Proper adjectives are the adjectives which are formed or derived from proper nouns. They should be capitalized.

    Example:-

    A person from India is said 'Indian'. Here India is a proper noun and 'Indian' is a Proper adjective.

    Japan=> Japanese.    America=> American. etc.

PRONOUN AND ITS CLASSIFICATION

 

                                               

PRONOUN AND ITS CLASSIFICATION

Pronoun :- Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun to avoid repetition.

 or, The Pronoun is a word which is used to check the repetition of a noun.

A Pronoun is used as a substitute for a noun or a noun phrase.

In other words, it has all the characteristics of a noun. It can function as a subject/Object/Complement in a sentence.

1.    Sakil went to the market because Sakil wanted to buy a book.

i.e.  Sakil went to the market because he wanted to buy a book.

In the first sentence, Sakil (noun) is used two times but in the second sentence in second place ‘he’ is used to avoid the repetition. Therefore, ‘he’ is a Pronoun of the noun Sakil.

KINDS OF PRONOUN:

There are nine kinds of Pronouns:

1.    Personal Pronouns

2.    Possessive Pronouns

3.    Reflexive Pronouns

4.    Reciprocal Pronouns

5.    Demonstrative pronouns

6.    Relative pronouns

7.    Interrogative pronouns

8.    Emphatic pronouns

9.    Indefinite pronouns

1.    Personal Pronouns :- Personal Pronouns stand for person,

or things. I, We, You, She, He, it, they 

These seven pronouns are called personal pronouns. They are

of three kinds.

A. First Person Pronouns refer to the person speaking; e.g. I, we.

    Read the following sentences:

a. I am a teacher.

b. My bag is big.

c. Our classroom is small.

d. Let us go to school.

e.   We are playing football.

f. Give me a glass of water.

In the above sentences, I, me, my, mine are the First person pronouns which refer to the person speaking. They are

pronouns of First person singular number.

We, Our, Us, ours are pronouns of First Person Plural Number.

B. Second Person Pronouns refer to the person spoken to; e.g.

You, Thou.

a. You must go on time.

b. Where are your cycle?

c. These are yours.

In the above sentences, you, your, yours, are pronouns which

refer to the person spoken to and are said to be of the Second

Person Singular Number. Remember that you, your, yours are 

used for both Singular and Plural.

C. Third Person Pronouns refer to the person or thing spoken of;

e.g. he, she, it, they.

Read the following sentences:

a. He is a doctor.

b. She is a good girl.

c. It is your pen.

d. They are coming.

e. His pen is lost.

f. The teacher asked him a question.

g. Her books are lost.

h. These books are their.

He, his, him, she, her, hers, they, their, theirs, them, it, its are 

the pronouns which refer to the person or thing spoken of and

said to be of the Third Person Pronouns.

2.    Possessive Pronouns :- Possessive Pronouns are the pronouns

that show ownership or possession or something belongs to 

someone. They are mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs, its.

Example:

a. This pen is mine.

b. It is not mine.

c. It is yours.

d. which is yours?

e. That is hers.

f. These are yours.

g. Is this theirs? 

3.    Reflexive Pronouns :- Reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that

refers to that the action formed by the Subject is on the Subject 

itself. The reflexive pronoun is used when the Subject and the 

object of a sentence is the same person or thing. It can act as 

either Object or indirect object. The nine English Reflexive Pronouns are: myself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself,

oneself, itself, ourselves, and themselves.

4.    Reciprocal Pronouns :- Reciprocal Pronouns are the Pronouns

used for expressing mutual relationship are called Reciprocal Pronouns. OR, Reciprocal Pronouns are used referring to relations between two or among more things ; e.g. each other,

one another.

Example.

a. They are looking at one another.

b. You should help each other.

one and each belong to Subject while another and other belong to Object. 

Remember : i. each other is used for two and one another for more than two.

                     ii. each other is used to join two sentences into one.

Use of 'each other' to join the following given sentences.

a. Rahul likes sahul. Sahul likes Rahul.

=> Rahul and Sahul like each other. 

b. Ram beats Shyam. Shyam beats Ram.

=> Ram and Shyam beat each other.

5.    Demonstrative pronouns :-    Demonstrative pronouns are the pronouns which point out or demonstrate some particular persons or things.

 They are this, these, that, those, such, as, so, one, ones, the same,what, which.

Read the following sentences:

a. This is my book.  b. This book is hers.

 c. That girl is pretty. d.  These are mango trees. 

e. The gift you gave on my birthday is a lovely one.

f. After collecting the mangoes, the rotten ones are removed.

g. If you are a true neighbour, prove yourself as such. I told you so. The italicised words are demonstrative pronouns.

6.    Relative pronouns :- Relative Pronoun is a pronoun which stands for the noun or pronoun placed before them and introduces a sub-ordinate clause that joins two parts in the clause. They are, who, whose, whom, which, what, that, as, but.

who- used for person,

which- used for animals or things,

whose- used for persons or things,

whom - used for person,

That- used for person, animals, or things,

what - used for things

As - used for 'such' , 'the same' , 'as',

But - used after a negative sentence

7.    Interrogative pronouns :-  Interrogative pronouns are pronouns  used for asking questions are called Interrogative pronouns. They are,who, whom, whose, which, what.

Remember:- The forms of relative pronouns and Interrogative pronouns are identical, but their functions are different; the former join clauses , the later ask questions.

who- used for person,

which- used for animals or things,

whose- used for persons or things,

whom - used for person,

what - used for things

   Example:- 

a. Who is sitting there?    b. Which shirt do you like to buy?

c. Whose pen is this?    d. Whom did you see in the hall?

e. What do you want to say? 

8.    Emphatic pronouns :- Emphatic Pronouns are the pronouns used for emphasizing the Subject or Object. They have forms identical to those of Rwflexive Pronouns, but their functions are different.

Example:-

a. I myself wrote this letter. (here 'myself' emphasizes the subject 'I').

b. Sultana herself typed all the letters. (here 'herself' emphasizes the subject Sultana).

c. I saw the mad dog itself. ( here 'itself' emphasizes the Object 'the mad dog').

d. Thye will do the sums themselves. (here 'themselves' emphasizes the Subject 'they'). etc.

9.    Indefinite pronouns :- Indefinite Pronouns are the pronouns that do not refer to any particular person or thing. They stand for any indefinite persons or things. The pronouns some, few, many, all, others, anybody, everybody, each, everyone, nobody, none, both, someone, etc. are Indefinite Pronouns.

Examples :-

a. Some believe in ghosts.

b. Few boys have come ; few are going out.

c. Many have passed.

d. Anybody can enter the hall.

e. Someone has sent these papers for you.

f. Nobody replied when they were asked.